To Kill a Mocking Bird Essay free essay sample

1. The novel is set in a neighborhood in Maycomb County, about twenty miles east of Finch’s Landing; a homestead on the banks of the Alabama River during the 1930’s. The author used this particular location because of the jurisdictional customs that the county comes with, which plays an important role in outcome of the Tom Robinson case. Atticus mentions in the book that rape is a capital offense in the state of Alabama, which is why Tom Robinson would be sent to the electric chair if he lost his appeal. If the author had chosen a different state for the novel to take place, this may have changed Tom Robinson’s punishment for the crime he was accused of. This is also part of the reason that this story could not have been written in a different setting, along with the fact that the time period in which this story takes place cannot be altered either. We will write a custom essay sample on To Kill a Mocking Bird essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This was a time of racial segregation and if the author claimed that these events occurred in modern day, it wouldn’t send the same message to readers. The author chose this particular neighborhood because of the Radley House, which was necessary to the plot of this story. This particular setting made the book more exciting in the scene where Jem and Scout rolled the tire into the Radley house. If the Finches didn’t live in a location near the Radley house and Boo Radley wasn’t part of the story, then this scene would become insignificant and boring to the reader. However, because this was the particular setting, the scene was given intensity and suspense. 2. One of the major conflicts in the novel is the controversy over Tom Robinson’s innocence. Tom Robinson was determined guilty by the court jury, which Atticus described to consist of average Maycomb County citizens. Even though nearly all the men that made up the jury were fair and average people, several others still believed Tom was innocent. The jury convicting Tom resolved this conflict publicly, however, other members of the county still believed Tom was an innocent man. Another major conflict of this story is the neighborhood’s impression of Boo Radley. For the main reason that Boo never went outside of his house, and was never seen by anyone, the neighborhood was given the impression that he was a deranged man. This conflict was resolved at the end of the story when Mr. Radley saves Scout’s brother, and she witnesses for herself that he is in deed a sane man. A minor conflict between Jem and Mrs. Dubose occurs when Jem decided he had enough of Mrs. Dubose’s rude comments towards him and his family, and ruins Mrs. Dubose’s flower beds. Jem then has to read to Mrs. Dubose for an hour each day, and little did he know that by reading to her, he helped her escape her drug addiction. This conflict was resolved in the death of Mrs. Dubose because she was able to die a â€Å"free woman†. 3. The parts of the novel concerning the mystery of the Radley House, as well as the part focusing on the Tom Robinson case, come together to play an important role in the outcome of the plot. In the final event of this story, Bob Ewell attempts to come at Jem and Scout with a knife, but is unsuccessful. Boo Radley saves the kids, but not before Jem managed a broken arm, and Mr. Ewell’s death. Later the sheriff tries to assure Atticus that Bob Ewell fell backwards on his own knife, but Atticus is not convinced. This ties the two parts of the story together because Bob Ewell’s motivation to harm innocent children was revenge on Atticus for accusing Bob of beating his daughter. Atticus made this accusation in the courtroom in defense of Tom. This shows that the Tom Robinson case gave Mr. Ewell motivation to cause this final event, and Boo coming out of his house and saving the kids brings it together with the mystery of Boo Radley, because he finally leaves his house to come to the rescue of Scout and her brother. 4. Character Sketch-Scout Scout is the youngest character of this book as well as the narrator. Scout’s personality is very unique compared to other girls her age, and so is her home situation. She grew up with her father and her brother. Her mother died when she was very young, and as a result, Scout doesn’t have much of a female role model in her life other than the family cook, Calpurina. This is why Scout gives off such a tomboy impression. She wore overalls and was always playing with her older brother Jem, and their friend Dill. Her personality matched her style of clothing as well. She climbed trees and played games and joined in with the boys when they tried to get Boo Radley to leave his house. Scout is introduced as an innocent, and honest kid who rarely gave her father trouble. In addition to this, Scout is also very intelligent; she knew how to read and write before she even began school. In fact, when she began attending school and realized that is was wrong to be caught reading or writing until she was in the third grade, she lost interest in school completely. She went from looking forward to class and walking with Jem, to not wanting to go at all, and even dreading it. She then regained interest when her father made her a deal. Throughout the story, however, she experiences many things that contribute to her change of personality. When Atticus accepts the Tom Robinson case, she has to tolerate other children at school, and even adults in the neighborhood insulting her family. In which case, a lot of times she simple doesn’t tolerate it, and gets very physical with the other children at school. Eventually, Scout’s aunt comes to live with Atticus and the kids. Then Scout had new expectations to uphold. For example, Scout was expected to change her clothing from boy’s overalls to pretty pink dresses. Scout had to chat with the ladies from the neighborhood if she came inside for a drink on a hot summer day, and even had to participate in a lady’s tea and make conversation with the guests. All these things contribute to Scout’s change in personality and appearance. 5. Throughout the novel, Scout changes in many ways. All the changes in this young character show her increase of maturity throughout the story. In the beginning of the book, her thoughts are easy going and childlike, such as her false engagement with Dill and their decision to have a baby. Scout also changes in the sense that she learns it is not always acceptable to so bluntly state the truth. For example, Scout already knew how to read and write when she started the first grade, but her teacher told her it was wrong. Scout then began to lose interest in school entirely. She and Atticus reached a compromise allowing her to both continue going to school, and to read when she got home. By doing this, Atticus taught her what it meant to compromise, and that it was important to her father that Scout continued her schooling. Scout also learns to control herself when her father accepts the Tom Robinson case and she is constantly hearing rude comments and insults about her father from others around town, even her own cousin Francis. Although Scout is still only a child at the end of the novel, all these events cause her personality and way of thinking to change and mature. 6. Stereotyping is a big part of this novel. Tom Robinson was one of the characters stereotyped due to his race. He was convicted of raping a white woman, not because he was guilty of the crime, but because it was a white man’s word against a black’s. This shows that during this time, black men were stereotyped as liars and also, perhaps, as promiscuous. I believe that one of the blacks in this novel to brake through this stereotype is Calpurina, because throughout the story, she has only good intentions for herself and the kids. The women in this novel were also stereotyped due to their gender. When the white women of the neighborhood were in Scout’s home, they lived up to the stereotype of being immoderately delicate by wearing hats, and sipping tea. In this specific scene, they also come off as superficial and self-centered. None of the characters broke this stereotype. The Cunnighams were stereotyped because of their social status: they were poor. In one scene at school, Walter Cunningham couldn’t afford his lunch, and Scout has to explain to the teacher that â€Å"They [the Cunninghams] never took anything off of nobody, they get along on what they have. † None of the characters broke this stereotype either. 7. Journal Entry Today was the day that my client, Tom Robinson was convicted. I knew I shouldn’t have let myself hope that this would turn out any different. I hope Tom knows that I did everything I could, everything in my power to make the jury realize that he is innocent. I suppose I knew deep down that it would never be enough, I knew that no matter what I said, and no matter how obvious his innocence, is race would always get the better of the jury. I sincerely hope Tom’s family the best, because now without Tom, Helen will have to work with no one to take care of the children. This is the last situation a Negro would want to find himself in, and an innocent Negro at that. I only feel ashamed that I couldn’t do more to help Tom with this trial today. There is nothing I dread more than to say goodbye to Tom for the final time before he will die of the electric chair. No man deserves to die that way. I pity Mayella Ewell, only because of her excuse of a father. I firmly believe it was him that gave her those bruises, and to blame an innocent Negro for your wrongdoings is one of the worst things a white man can do. Mayella broke an unspoken code, and Tom should not be blamed for that. The poor girl isn’t given any respect. I know this because when I called her â€Å"Miss† she accused me of mocking her. I was only trying to show respect and courtesy toward a witness in court, because I knew there would be no other way for her to offer honest answers. Scout is far too young to understand, but I know Jem was heartbroken by the conviction and I hope that I can teach him that life is not always fair. -Atticus 8. The author’s major theme in the novel is good vs. evil. Atticus, the father of Jem and Scout is represented as the good. He accepts a case knowing there is a very slim chance of winning it. Atticus is always displayed as being calm and fair, and is seen as a role model by Scout. Atticus also serves as a teacher because of all the things Scout and the town learns from him such as compromise, justice, education, maturity and respect. Bob Ewell is represented as the evil and is in direct opposition with Atticus. During the scene in the courtroom, Atticus accuses Bob Ewell of being the one to beat Mayella Ewell. Bob denying this on the witness stand is what causes the opposition between the two men. Bob then continues to do indecent things because of this accusation, such as following a woman through town, spitting in Atticus’s face, making threats to the Finch family, and attempting to harm Jem and Scout. This is when it is realized that Boo Radley is also the good that opposes the evil that is Bob Ewell, because he was the one to rescue the children. This event with Boo also helps the reader to realize that, in the author’s eyes, good usually prevails. 9. I did enjoy this book because I enjoy mysteries and even though this story was not a straightforward mystery, it was suspenseful and interesting. The ending especially, was very different than the ending I was expecting. I did not expect Boo Radley to ever come out of his home; I thought he would always be labeled as crazy in Scout’s eyes. Even in the scene in the courtroom, it was made very clear that a black man’s word is no comparison to that of a white man’s, however, I found myself hoping just as much as Jem, that the jury would see that Tom was innocent. This novel also had multiple subplot’s, such as the mad dog and Mrs. Dubose’s death, which kept the story interesting and meaningful.

Field Experience Interview Essays

Field Experience Interview Essays Field Experience Interview Essay Field Experience Interview Essay Field Experience Interview Name: Institution: Field Experience Interview : Ryan is currently on medication, due to his condition. He was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), which makes him very impulsive and hyperactive. Currently, Ryan is receiving special academic services in terms of learning. This is because he has been categorized as a student, in need of unique learning services due to his condition. The services rendered to him aim at improving his concentration, understanding and performance in Mathematics and Languages. Ms. Susan, a special educator for 22 years is assigned to Ryan’s case. She enjoys her work because she gets to help children and their families in dealing with complex conditions. There is a specific process involved when attending to a child with special conditions. Ryan’s case was monitored carefully by his guardians and teachers at school. This was done by observing his behavior socially, physically and academically. The guardians and teachers documented these behaviors and brainstormed on the nature of the problem. This established the consistency and recurrence of the problem. The second phase was the pre-referral process, which involved the evaluation of Ryan’s potential and strengths. According to the Council for Exceptional Children (n.d.), a pre-referral team includes general educators, parents and administrators. After observing Ryan for a while, it was evident that he had a remarkable capability of distinguishing meanings of different kinds of information, through minimal listening. This showed the potential in Ryan to grasp information faster. As a result, teaching him was time saving. The third phase involved discussions between Ryan’s parents and teachers. This was done to establish the suitability of his referral to special education. The condition lowered his concentration in class and as a result, his academic performance was poor. He was also hyperactive and this made him inattentive in class. Members of the referral team included parents and teachers, for both special and general education. All people involved in his academic life of are also members of this team. The fourth phase involved the analysis of methods used previously to help him with his condition. This included the evaluation of special education. Ryan was put on medication after detection of his condition. Since then, he has been receiving dosages of Ritalin to date. Ritalin is a stimulating drug, used to treat conditions of ADHD. After doing an assessment of Ryan’s performance, various methods that had not been employed before were tabled. To improve his performance, Ryan was offered further instructions in Mathematics and Languages assignments to advance his understanding. After all these measures were taken, Ryan’s progress was observed by conducting meetings regularly. This helped the parents to assess the methods used and think of other interventions to help. The collaboration between general and special education worked coherently for Ryan’s benefit, with conditions that affected their performance. Special and general educators held meetings to discuss the progress of children who had disorders like ADH. The main aim of general educators and parents was to outline the problems faced by specific Ryan in a document. This document was then forwarded to special educators for his evaluation, through observing their behaviors. The special educators were handed over with these problems to address because they were more qualified to tackle them. Parents play an important role in the progress of children. They provide special educators with information about their children when they are not in school. They also monitor the progress of a child and give conclusive reports to special educators. One positive aspect resulting from the involvement of parents in special education is that they have been able to engage themselves more in the personal lives of the children, which enhances family relationships. There are many challenges faced by parents in helping their children to deal with this condition. According to Cosmos (n.d.), one challenge faced by parents is the repulsive nature of children with ADHD (Cosmos, n.d.). This makes communication between them difficult because handling them without triggering their emotions is difficult. The IEP is a contract between guardians and school administrations that assesses children and establishes if they require special education. Members that constitute an IEP team include parents or guardians, special and general education teachers and Local Educational Agency (LEA) representatives. The IEP usually sets annual goals that are achieved through making benchmark decisions. An annual goal that came from the IEP was the development of Ryan’s Mathematic and Language skills. The worked samples given aimed at enhancing his understanding through providing him with extra information for better understanding. The tests exposed him to different methods of understanding his studies. The IEP also achieved short-term goals of educating Ryan through giving him short tests in Mathematics to monitor his progress. This improved dialogue between educators and teachers. The role of technology in the process of assessment was very vital. The use of computers to communicate with children helped Ryan to understand concepts efficiently. Technology also helped teachers to pass information in a quick manner. The use of Dynamic Graphics Project (DGP) has improved the means of relaying instructions to children. The project has also enabled children in an inclusive environment to have diverse thoughts. This has improved their understanding of mathematical and language concepts. The DGP advanced Ryan’s interpretation of information through increasing his speed of thinking. There are many challenges faced by special educators. According to Friend (2005), it is important for special educators to all issues facing a child, to avoid hostility (Friend, 2005). Hostility from children with ADHD in terms of learning hinders teachers like Ms Susan from performing their duties well. Uncooperative parents also pose major challenges to teachers. This is because they do not provide relevant information to teachers thus, helping a child is difficult. She advises parents to be more cooperative in providing information concerning a child, who suffers from ADHD. She also encourages them to be patient with their children because ADHD is not an issue that is solved by using medication only. The process of interviewing Ms. Susan was successful. The aim of the interview was to gather information on how special education is administered, and the role played by parents and teachers in it. The description by Ms. Susan was conclusive because it outlined the process of administering special education, giving specific roles of all team members involved. However, it was evident that the process is focused on improving the performance of children in two subjects only. This should not be the case because academic improvement by children should involve all disciplines of study. The actions taken by all team members to improve the performance by children, who have special conditions academically and socially, are efficient. This was evident from the improvement of Ryan’s performance according to Ms. Susan. However, the process could be improved in order to enhance children’s performance in all fields. An example of changes that should be made is shifting focus from Mathematics and English, to all subjects studied for example Science and Social Studies. This will generally improve the academic performance of all children. The role of technology in the process should also be increased. With the rapid changes in technology, it is important to educate children on the use of facilities such as computers. This will help them understand the conditions that they are facing through research. As a result, they will be more open to cooperating with their educators. References Cosmos, C. (n.d.). Abuse of Children with Disabilities. Retrieved April 24, 2009, from the Council for Exceptional Children website:cec.sped.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Searchtemplate=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfmContentID=1298 Council for Exceptional Children. (n.d.). Giftedness and the Gifted: What’s it all About? Retrieved from cec.sped.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Gifts_and_TalentsTemplate=/TaggedPage/TaggedPageDisplay.cfmTPLID=37ContentID=5628 Friend, M. P. (2005). Special Education: Contemporary Perspectives for School Professionals. Boston: Pearson.

GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT Dissertation

GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND EMPLOYEE DEVELOPMENT - Dissertation Example From this research it is clear that the process of globalization has had great impact on the world economy, and it has increased the level of interaction between different countries. For this reason, it is possible for different countries and companies today to interact and engage in business partnerships. Therefore, companies from various countries are able to conduct business in international markets. Apart from the process of globalization, Radovic-Markovic notes that the internationalization of different companies today has also been fueled by liberalization, which most modern companies have adopted. The adoption of liberalization by companies has resulted in most companies to experience a shift in their organizational structures. For this reason, most companies today no longer exhibit the traditional organizational structures. In addition, the process of globalization has enabled a high level of interaction between cultures. People can move easily from one part of the world to a nother, for different reasons. Nonetheless, businesswise, people today move from one world region to another in search of employment. This has therefore, resulted in countries that are highly multicultural. Similarly, companies have become highly multicultural. This high level of diversity and multiculturalism lays an important role in shaping the behavior of employees in the company. For these reasons therefore, the management of the modern organizations today is faced with the challenge of ensuring harmony in the diverse workplace in order to continue being productive. (Dammen 2001: Perrin n.d ). Nonetheless, this is only achievable, if the companies considered introducing different changes in their operations. 1.2 Problem Definition Over the past decades, the corporate sector has experienced diverse changes due to external and internal forces. According to Head, Yaeger & Sorensen (2010), these changes include structural and behavioral changes. These changes have occurred because of the replacement of traditional systems of organizations with new creative and flexible approaches. Certain internal and

Literacy Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Literacy Narrative - Essay Example As a result, I have not developed excellent English literacy and the confidence to use it. I realized that I can use my strengths of perseverance and good study habits to develop my English skills, but I continue to struggle because of my shyness and anxiety in speaking and writing in English. Nevertheless, I continue learning English through using personal, social, and academic resources, as well as imbibing positive psychology in learning a language that is so different in terms of values and structure to my native language, without weakening my cultural identity. My personal traits of shyness in using English resulted in anxiety that impeded my early progress in learning it. My school was a firm believer of immersion, where speaking in Chinese in the school is not allowed. Teachers easily embarrassed students who did not speak in English. My classmates and I preferred silence then, since we were not that good in English. This is what Kingston referred to as being tongue-tied in he r essay â€Å"Tongue-Tied.† Our tongues are tied due to not being able to speak a language that we have little knowledge of. One time, I forgot to speak in English in my class and my teacher berated me in front of so many people. I was so mortified, and since then I spoke very little. I did not want to make any mistake again. However, as I learned, bilingual education is also an effective means of teaching English to non-native speakers (Rhodes, Ochoa, and Ortiz 58). Bilingualism at the critical stage of my life would have helped my development of better English skills. The critical stage for me is during grade school (Gonzalez 3). Using Chinese to learn English would have helped me transition into English. By this time, however, I was not very confident in my English reading and writing skills. I became very conscious of my accent and choice of words because other students would laugh at me. I know they were just being children, but the impact on my self-esteem was devastati ng. The feeling of inferiority affected my motivation to learn English. I learned how to speak it in a form of conversation, but academic English is different. My shyness resulted in anxiety, which affected my confidence in learning English. To some extent, being a good student gave me high expectations of myself, which obstructed my language learning process. I am a good student and have strong studying skills. I have high grades in most of my subjects. English, however, is harder for me because I lack enough knowledge about it. It became my Achilles’ heel, and I felt disappointed with myself. This disappointment turned into a strong fear of failure. I did not want to fail as a language learner, and this hindered me from learning English. I also lacked practice in using English before, since we do not speak it at home. My parents wanted me to learn it fast, but they are not aware of how important the home environment is in learning new languages. In our neighborhood, we also did not use English. As with many non-native English learners, we lacked practice in everyday settings. Without practice, I did not feel confident in using English and I did not have anyone to test my skills on. That is also frustrating for students like me, who are used to attain their goals. When I came to America, I became more diffident as a language lea

Final Business Model and Strategic Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Final Business Model and Strategic Plan - Essay Example The new product division will analyze the potential market for their products. They will use the available budget to conduct research that will provide insights about the competition in the markets and what the competitors are doing to win customers. In addition, the new product division will use the information received to build a strong company brand presence. Moreover the brand owners who include the brand manager and marketing manager will gather information about the prospective customers. They will conduct online surveys as well as group and personal interviews to find out about customers views and preferences, goals economic and financial status. Moreover, they will liaise with the IT department to come up with a website that will be sued to market the new product. The website will inform customers on the benefits of the product, the places where to purchase the product as well as the prices and discounts that will be provided for the product. In addition, clients can post the ir comments, recommendations as well as the challenges they have faced while using the product. Moreover some of the marketing promotions that will be used will include above the line and below the promotion. This includes the posters, newsletters, billboards, coverage on radio and television. The new product division will mostly use above the line advertisement for the purpose of reaching a massive group of people. The new product division will have an effective communication plan that will ensure effective communication both internally and externally. The new product division plans to have access to the agenda of the critical meetings by involving the senior executives to deliver on the presentations in regards to the new product division to get insights and feedback from them. The new product division also plans to have proper management by planning campaigns and tracking results and success. This will include monitoring performance of the new product

Incidence and Prevalence of Tuberculosis in the UK

Incidence and Prevalence of Tuberculosis in the UK ESSAY TITLE: Using two theoretical perspectives discuss with reference to the prevalence of ONE disease, E.g. Diabetes, Respiratory diseases; how Disease patterns in society vary and the role of public health agencies in reducing disease and promoting health? Chapter 1 Introduction Society is constantly changing, and these changes come with different social and environmental problems, which result to the emergence of new diseases and an increase in the incidence of existing ones, which affect human health and society as a whole. These include diseases such as cancer, respiratory diseases, diabetes, hepatitis, asthma and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) just to mention a few. In this essay, I will be analysing the incidence and prevalence of Tuberculosis and the pattern of this disease in relation to changes in society. I will also be comparing two theoretical perspectives regarding the nature and causes of Tuberculosis. To conclude, I will be analysing the role and impact of public health agencies in reducing the disease and actively promoting health. Chapter 2 1.1. Incidence and prevalence of Tuberculosis in UK. Definition; Tuberculosis popularly known as TB, is said to be an infectious disease usually caused by a bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TB often affects the lungs but can also spread to any part of the body through the bloodstream. Classic symptoms of TB include; persistent cough, fever, weight loss, loss of appetite and tiredness. TB is contagious and is mostly transmitted from person to person. An infected person can infect about 10 to 15 people over a year if not treated. (NHS choices, 2014). Incidence and prevalence rates; Some decades ago the UK was said to have and increase number of reported TB cases. From 2005 the number of reported cases remained high but stable. In 2009, there was said to be about 9000 cases of TB reported. An incidence rate of 15 case per 100.000 population. This can be said to be the highest since 2005. Then in 2010, the number of cases was 8483, an incidence rate of 13.6/ 100.000 population. This show a decrease in the number of reported cases by about 4.9%. In 2011, there were 8963 cases reported, an incidence of 14.4/100.000 population which again was an increase compared to 2010. Then in 2012, there was 8751 cases, an incidence rate of 13.9 cases per 100.000 population. About 8000 cases of TB was recorded in 2013 in the UK that is a rate of 12.3 cases per 100.000 population. This shows a 10.4% reduction rates in the number of cases reported. (Public Health England, Tuberculosis in UK: Annual reports). The population of UK mostly infected with TB are those born outside the UK. That is those from countries with highest prevalence rate of the disease. For example, India sub-Saharan African, Pakistan, south Asia, Somalia. This group of people usually dwell in urban areas that seem to have the highest number of cases reported. For example London, Luton, Manchester, Coventry Leicester and Birmingham. Chapter 3 1.2. The pattern of Tuberculosis in relation to changes in society Throughout the last 20 years, the UK has been experiencing a steady rise in the number of TB cases. The most affected areas are the urban areas highly populated with immigrants. The rising number of cases in these areas has been related to the pattern of change in how the TB is spread and controlled. For instance, it does not spread through all the segments of the population as it has done previously, but rather affects the population of people in the high risk group. â€Å"†¦those most at risk remain individuals from ethnic minority groups, those with social risk factors such as a history of homelessness, imprisonment or problem with use of drugs or alcohol, and the elderly†. (Public Health England 2013). The small percentage fall in the rates of TB cases in 2012 and 2013 is said to be associated with the fall in the number of cases in the non-UK born population. This may be due to changes in immigration policies and policies to control the disease in the UK and abroad. For instance, around 2007, pre- entry TB test was a requirement for Ghanaians applying for more than six month visa to the UK. â€Å"While this decline is welcome, it is important to recognise that the vast majority of TB cases in the non-UK born population (85%) occur among settled migrants rather than new entrants. Tackling the reactivation of latent TB in such migrants will require systematic implementation of screening and treatment of latent TB infection†. (Public Health England 2014). Chapter 4 2.1. Theoretical perspectives of Tuberculosis. There are so many theoretical perspectives with their individual view about the nature and causes of diseases. There are sociological theories viewing health and diseases in the context of society, and there are psychological theories viewing health and diseases and the context of the mind and so many others. Theories are sometimes useful to public health agencies and the government for the planning of health policies and interventions. In this essay, I will be discussing two theoretical views of tuberculosis, namely the Germ Theory and Biomedical Theory. The Germ theory Around 1850 and 1920, the Germ theory was established, attested and promoted in North America and Europe. This theory stated that every disease is caused by specific invisible tiny organisms (germs). It was a theory that was well matched to the prevailing concepts of health and diseases particularly those connected with the 19th century hygiene and sanitation. Joseph Lister, Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur are some of the well-known persons in connection with the germ theory. This theorist believed that disease can be reduced by means of personal hygiene. They did not pay much attention to other factors such as climate, diet, environmental ventilation etc. Base on this, hygiene and sanitation promoters such as Florence Nightingale and Rudolf Virchow did not accept the theory. To them the germ theory could not be related to the progresses in public health. The theory was established in a social, cultural and economic settings that were highly focused on the principles of mass production, mass consumption, standardisation and efficiency which were harmonious with the discipline of the theory. The high achievement of the theory coupled with the fact that medicine was linked to laboratory resulted in a rise in the social prestige of physicians and medical research and practice. This happened at the time when the general public was uncertain about the significance of traditional medical practice. To rise a new public consciousness of the theory, the general public was made to understand that diseases are not only cause by germs, but also they are passed on from person to person. Germs were related to home hygiene, including cooking, plumbing, and heating. Therefore women were the main targets used to spread the information about germs. (Harvard University Library Open Collections Program, 2015). â€Å"In the case of tuberculosis, which formerly had been considered noncontagious, basic changes in everyday hygiene were required. Mass production, mass communication, and national advertising had developed alongside the germ theory during the same period, and the tools of public relations were put into play to inform the public about TB’s contagiousness, as well as to inform people about the germ theory in general†. (Harvard University Library Open Collections Program, 2015). The biomedical perspective The biomedical perspective on the other hand believe that a sick person is presumed to be an inert receiver of orders from medical professionals (doctors). This theory sees diseases as biomedical problems that are caused by bacteria or viruses, and treatment is targeted on the sick person’s body. A sick person is seen as a broken person who need to be fixed. This does not consider other factors that may be causing the health problems. For instance social, environmental and psychological factors. When a patients does not respond to treatment, it is assumed to be caused by the individual characteristics such as age and gender. Policies and practice of health care services can be said to be based on this theory. Doctors are the authority who give instructions and patients are the receivers of the instruction. Medication Event Monitoring Systems (WHO 2011), used to monitor adherence is embedded in this perspective. In spite of its inherent use by many health professionals, this perspective is uncommonly used openly in interventions. (BMC Public Health, 2007) Chapter 5 3.1. The role of public health agencies in reducing Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is a worldwide health problem which has put government and public health agencies on their toes. Every nation is working hard to control if not eradicate the disease. In the UK, the Local Government Association, Public Health England, the NHS and other public agencies are working together to come out with policies, procedures, practices and measures that will help control the spread of the disease. Some of these include: Pre-entry screening The government has introduced a pre-entry screening programme for TB in countries noted to have high incidence of the disease. Residents of those countries who are applying for more than six month visa to the UK has to undergo TB screening. This screening involve chest x-ray and checking for symptoms. Those found with active TB will have to undergo treatment before they are issue visas. (Local.gov.uk, 2014). Use of Anti-TB drugs A mixture of anti-TB drugs are given to patients to lessen the possibility of the TB bacteria becoming resistant to one or more of them. Patients are usually started on a six months course of anti-TB drugs which is made up of four different drugs. The six month course of anti-TB is said to be the most effective period that will guarantee that the inactive bacteria are killed and cannot reactivate to cause TB in future. (Local.gov.uk, 2014). BCG Vaccination BCG vaccination are being offered to babies, infants and young children who come from countries with high rates of TB. Those born in the UK to parents from the high risk zone are also given the vaccine to protect them from the diseases. Early discovery, diagnosing and treatment is said to be another way of controlling the diseases. Healthcare workers are also advice to take the vaccine because they stand the chance of getting infected at work. Chapter 6 3.2. The impact of public health agencies in reducing Tuberculosis Tuberculosis has been seen to have a huge health and social effect on those infected. The existing inequalities in deprived areas is seen to be rising because of this disease. The Chief Medical Officer has recognised the inequalities, and increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance, as primary concern for England. The Health and Social Care Act 2012 has made it the responsibility of local government, clinical commissioning groups (CCGs), Public Health England (PHE) and NHS England to reduce the inequalities. It is believe that the NHS, CCGs and Public Health will be making savings if TB is eradicated. Because it cost a lot to diagnose and treat drug-sensitive and resistant forms of TB. Some of the task set up to achieve this are; 1. Improve access to services and ensure early diagnosis 2. Provide universal access to high quality diagnostics 4. Ensure comprehensive contact tracing 5. Improve BCG vaccination uptake 6. Reduce drug-resistant TB 7. Tackle TB in under-served populations 8. Systematically implement new entrant latent TB screening 9. Strengthen surveillance and monitoring (gov.uk website, 2015) Chapter 7 3.3. The role and impact of public health agencies in actively promoting health It is the responsibility of every individual in a society to keep themselves healthy. The public health agencies of every society also have the responsibility of helping the members of that society to stay healthy. Some of the responsibilities of health agencies such as the NHS in promoting health as recommended in a report from the NHS Future Forum (gov.uk) are; Healthcare professionals making every contact count; to do so they will need to ensure that every contact they make with a patient should help to improve their mental and physical health and wellbeing. Improving the health and wellbeing of the NHS workforce by designing and implementing strategies to improve the mental and physical health and wellbeing of staff. Refocusing the NHS towards prevention and promotion; all providers of NHSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ funded care should strive to prevent poor health and promote healthy living by in cooperating it into their daily business, and they should be recognised for achieving excellence. Building partnerships outside the NHS; NHS commissioners and providers of NHSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ funded care should work together with other local services to promote health and wellbeing in areas where the NHS finds difficult to reach. Sharing learning and best practice; Healthcare professionals, NHS commissioners and providers of NHSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ funded care should share learning about improving the public’s health and wellbeing and reducing health inequalities, and seek to learn from others. Public Health England should ensure that evidence and best practice are spread across the NHS. 1

Genetic Screening Will Not Put Limits on Equal Opportunity :: Science Biology Biological Essays

Genetic Screening Will not Put Limits on Equal Opportunity Introduction Genetic screening is a pressing issue in today's public policy forum, research and industry. Genetic screening provides enormous opportunities and is an incredible advance in science. However, genetic screening poses problems that are not and can not be easily overlooked. These are the following two issues dealt with in this paper. What can genetic screening offer people that currently is not being offered and at what cost to the people will this advance be? Genetic screening was devised to offer people a service and more important, to essentially, protect them from themselves. Genetic screening involves the screening of persons' genotypes to determine if they (1) are already associated with disease or are predisposed to disease, (2) may pass on disease to their descendants, or (3) produce other variations not associated with disease. (NAS 1975) Genetic screening is used as a means to prevent the onset or provide control for genetically inherited diseases. This in the long run is economical and treatment is effective. Screening of this type involves the detection of genetic disease and must first be defined to assure an understanding in the objectives of screening. Carriers of a genetic disease appear normal and are not affected except if the trait is expressed quantitatively across a population. In this case, the individual will have some disease characteristics however, not as severe as those with the disease. Individuals that have a genetic disease are almost always homozygous recessive for that gene meaning that there is an insufficiency in its ability to perform the correct function. One must not mistake a genetic screening test with a genetic diagnostic test. The difference is great and can be easily confused. A genetic screening test is not a definite confirmation of disease presence. It only gives an alert or signal to the possible presence that could affect the health of an individual. A genetic diagnostic test can tell with greater certainty if a disease is present in an individual. (Blatt 1996) Testing-Methods There are different times throughout the life span of a human in which genetic tests, both screening and diagnostic, can be preformed. The most popular and recognizable are the prenatal tests and testing of newborns. The genetic screening tests currently available for pregnant women are maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening, enhanced MSAFP, amniocentesis, chorionic villus sampling (CVS), percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), fetal biopsy and fetal cell sorting.

My Favorite Entrepreneur Essay

My favorite entrepreneur: Ms. Oprah Winfrey Oprah Winfrey was born into poverty by a teenage single mother in 1954 in Kosciusko, Mississippi. For the earliest years of her life she was raised by her maternal grandmother, and under her kind-hearted discipline was taught to read by the age of two and speak exceptionally by the age of three. When Winfrey was six years old, she was sent to live with her mother in Wisconsin. She was submerged into inner-city Milwaukee, and faced the hardships of growing up in the urban ghetto. Her mother had many problems of her own and was so consumed by them that she was unable to give attention to her daughter. This had many adverse consequences, and left Winfrey vulnerable to multiple counts of sexual abuse at an early age, including by her mother’s boyfriend, a teenage cousin, and a family friend. She also became pregnant at the age of 14, but her son died at infancy. As she got older, she struggled with racism and was discriminated against by her peers because of her economic status. The neglect and problems she encountered led Winfrey to develop an aggressive attitude, and eventually her mother could no longer deal with Winfrey’s delinquency and so she sent her to live with her father in Nashville, Tennessee. With his strict disciplinary mechanisms and value for education, Winfrey’s father helped her turn her life around. She became an honor student and at the age of 17 began her broadcasting career on the radio station WVOL. She earned a scholarship to Tennessee State University and studied drama and speech. At the age of 19 she landed an anchor position for WTVF-TV, Nashville’s CBS affiliate. Here she was the first African-American and the youngest person to ever be an anchor on the network. Not too late afterwards in 1976 she moved to Boston to take on a position as co-anchor for WJZ-TV evening news. However, it was hard for her to contain her emotions on many of her stories, and her attachment to the subject matter made her a poor fit for the position. She was fired for these reasons. Nevertheless, a manager at the network saw her ability to connect closely with the subjects and her excellent communication skills and found a position more suited towards her as a co-host on talk show People Are Talking. The show’s ratings soared, and Winfrey’s success attracted attention in the Midwest where she was offered a position as anchor on AM Chicago. It almost instantly became the #1 local talk show and within a year was renamed the Oprah Winfrey Show. The show was soon picked up in 120 cities and became the nation’s top talk show. However, Winfrey did not like the idea of working for someone else, and in 1986 she founded Harpo, Inc. and took on the Oprah Winfrey Show by 1988 in her own studio in Chicago. The third woman in history to own and produce her own show, as well as the first African-American to own her own entertainment production company, Winfrey was capitalizing success. The early years of the program was classified as a tabloid talk show, however as years went on Winfrey adopted broader topics such as disease, spirituality, substance abuse, geopolitics, domestic topics, celebrity interviews, and philanthropy. She herself has become one of our world’s most noted philanthropists and also hosts televised giveaways. In addition to her talk show, Winfrey acted and voiced-over in different movies and TV shows, as well as ones she produced herself like The Women of Brewster Place and Brewster Place. Furthermore, Winfrey has co-authored five books and publishes O, The Oprah Magazine and O at Home, which was dubbed the most successful start-up ever in the industry by Fortune in 2002. She also created her website Oprah. com, one of the top women’s lifestyles websites, as well as Oprah’s Book Club, the largest book club in the world. Winfrey went on to co-found women’s cable television network Oxygen. In January, 2011, Discovery Health Channel was changed into a new channel called OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network. Winfrey, for many years now, has been viewed as the most powerful woman in the entertainment industry, and even beyond the entertainment industry. The Wall Street Journal coined the term â€Å"Oprahfication† meaning therapy through public confession, and there have been numerous incidents of the â€Å"Oprah effect† where her public opinions influence consumer choices. She has been invited onto the corporate boards of AT&T, Ralph Lauren, and Intel, all of which she turned down. Winfrey holds a fairly private personal and business life, as all her employees are sworn to keep things private for the remaining of their lives, and she holds full control in all her distribution deals with ABC, Oxygen Network, and Hearst Magazines. She also holds 90% of Harpo’s stock. By the age of 41, Winfrey had a net worth of $340 million and replaced Bill Cosby as the only African American on the Forbes 400. She has remained the only African American to rank among America’s 400 richest people nearly every year since 1995, and is the ichest African American of the 20th century. From 2004 to 2006 Winfrey was the world’s only black billionaire and the first black woman billionaire in world history. In 2010 she took on the title of the richest self-made woman in America. Her 2011 salary was $290 million and she had a set worth of $2. 7 billion. Throughout this all, Winfrey is lives her life by two principles: live a great life for yourself and make a differenc e in the world. These have been motivating factors for Winfrey too overcome the different struggles in her life and pull forward to a positive outcome. Her intellectual and emotional qualities paved the way for her to really connect with diverse people of difference backgrounds, values, and experiences, and to open up all sorts of subject matter in a some-how comfortable setting although very public. Her public speaking and proficient communication abilities allowed her to emerge as such a strong candidate in the industry. Even with that, Winfrey is a woman of self-improvement and took improv classes at Chicago’s own Second City to work on her presence and wit in high pressure situations like on talk shows and live television. But her success isn’t all in her broadcasting or talk shows. In fact, Winfrey says her success began as a third grader when she turned her book report in early. She stands by the ideas to always go the extra mile, and that we are all entitled to success. â€Å"Let excellence be your brand,† Winfrey says at a 2012 speech to Spellman College graduates. Winfrey is a strong believer in doing the right thing, and she guarantees that doing right will only allow for right to come back to you and carry you on your way to success. Another point Winfrey strongly upholds is finding a way to serve. She says that she doesn’t serve TV she serves the world through TV, and that is what each of us should do as we find our niches– to use our success as a way to serve. Furthermore, Winfrey believes it is key to know who you are and to take charge of your life. Making decisions for one’s self and pursuing goals is absolutely critical if one wants to find success. Winfrey was able to use these ideals, lessons from her life, and her true passions and talents to go from rags to riches, to become the Queen of talk shows, and a historical success legend.

Communism Versus Democracy essays

Communism Versus Democracy essays Every country needs to have a stable and effective government in order to form a prosperous and peaceful society. Due to the fact that each country has different culture and ways of living, peoples opinion on political system may vary: some people find one type of government system suitable for the society they belong to while others may prefer a different type because it gives them better living standard in one way or the other. Long ago, humans started to choose leaders for the protection and development of their regions. This system has still been preserved till the present day that people choose a representative or a leader in the hope that they would lead their hometown into better directions. The two major types of political systems this paper will cover are Democracy and Communism. Despite their differences, both systems seek ways to help improve and reform a society. To fully understand the aspects and principles of both systems, it would be wise to acknowledge the ad vantages and disadvantages of each system so that we can comprehend why one system become so popular while the other collapse. Communism. According to the Websters dictionary, communism is fundamentally a system of social organization in which property (especially real property and the means of production) is held in common. In other words, communism attempt to establish a non class society where people live with the jobs provided by the government. It is the ideology based on equality. Communism hasnt just recently been invented, but its idea of having no institutions of private property has first begun in the ancient Greek era. However in modern usage, communism sometimes refer to the movement that aim to overthrow the capitalist order by revolutionary or mass protest. There are lots of people who criticize the ideas and operations of communism, but the problem is that these people are too narrow minded that they overlook the b...

Seen in the Classifieds

Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds Seen in the Classifieds By Maeve Maddox Spelling counts, even in the classified section of a newspaper. Since people who place the ads cant depend upon someone at the paper to correct their spellings, its a good idea to be careful. Here are some spellings Ive noticed in classified ads: Dalmation pups for sale Bluehealer pups for sale Female lab spaded Duncan Fife for sale Vaccum cleaner for sale The big white dog with black spots is a Dalmatian. The name comes from the dogs presumed place of origin: the province of Dalmatia on the Adriatic Sea. Think Dalmatia and then add an n. I suppose a holy man who paints himself blue could be a blue healer, but the dog is a blue heeler. The dog was bred to herd cattle by snapping at their heels. The process of removing the ovaries of a female animal is called spaying. Such an animal has been spayed and can be called a spay. Sheriff Andys sidekick was Barney Fife, but the man who designed the furniture with the funny legs was Duncan Phyfe (1768-1854). The unusual pairing of us in vacuum should make the spelling easy to remember. The two us create a kind of vacuum in the word. Of course, even if you turn in correctly-spelled ad copy, theres always the possibility that the typesetter will make a mistake. Cant help you there. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:When to use "on" and when to use "in"Homonyms, Homophones, Homographs and HeteronymsHow to Treat Names of Groups and Organizations

Turbine Engine Classification, Benefits and Application Research Paper

Turbine Engine Classification, Benefits and Application - Research Paper Example The axial-flow engine functions by compressing the air through a series of rotating and stationary air-foils which in turn move the air parallel to the longitudinal axis. The centrifugal axial flow design, on the other hand, uses both kinds of compressors in order to achieve the desired compression. This machine has four sections: turbine section, combustion chamber, compressor, and the exhaust. Inlet air passes through the compressor section at a high rate of speed to the combustion chamber. In the combustion chamber, there are fuel inlet and the igniter for combustion. The turbine is driven by the expanding air which is connected to the compressor by a shaft to sustain the engine operation. This kind of engines is limited in terms of range and endurance. A turboprop engine is a turbine engine machine that divides a propeller through a reduction gear. Power turbine connected by a shaft is driven by the exhaust gases, and this drives the reduction gear assembly. Optimum propeller performance which is achieved at low speeds is brought about by the reduction gear. These machines are most efficient at high speeds of between 250 and 400 m.p.h and also performed well at slow airspeeds. These machines are nowadays used in small airliners and transport aircraft which are sufficient for landing and required for takeoff. This turbofan engine machine combines the best features of the turbojet and the turboprop. Turbofan engines are designed to increase thrust by diverting the airflow around the combustion chamber. This only increase the thrust without increasing fuel consumption. This is because it increases the total mass of air passing through the engine reducing the velocity within the same energy supplied. Most airlines nowadays are powered by turbofan engines. This machine is widely used in helicopters. Its a form of gas-turbine engine. It drives the helicopter rotor though it does not have a propeller.  

THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING TO FACILITATE LEARNING FOR CPUT Article

THE USE OF SOCIAL NETWORKING TO FACILITATE LEARNING FOR CPUT UNDERGRADUATE IT STUDENTS - Article Example IT lecturers in the university use social sites such as the facebook and MXit to provide students with learning materials ((Chigona and Dagada, 2011). Most students are comfortable with the social platform serving as a source of learning materials and hosting discussion forums (Dasgupta, 2010). Well managed social networking sites can support learning activities in learning institutions. In this vein, social networking sites can be applied in the learning program of CPUT. The use of social networking sites can enhance learning activities in the university. This paper aims at examining the efficacy of social networks as a learning platform for undergraduate IT students at CPUT. The IT department at CPUT places communication at the core of teaching and learning for IT students in order to develop critical soft skills (Sylvester and Greenidge, 2010). Computer-mediated teaching and learning at the institution enhances communication which facilitates the development of cognitive skills of students (Alcock, 2009). The university resolved to this form of learning due to student under preparedness, lack of student engagement in the classroom, link theory and practice, and to give students the necessary 21st century skills (Greenhow, 2009). Instructors work with students in the classroom and students can the access notes from the social sites. The young generation is more experienced in tactic knowledge sharing tools via the internet that they can apply in class work (Warschauer, 2009). Recent studies indicate that about 79.31 percent of the IT students engaged in virtual learning find the system very convenient. This is due to the fact that social sites are acces sible from different places both in the institution and at home (Knight and Rochon, 2012). Over the past years, virtual learning has gained popularity among the IT students due to its ease of use. The use of technology creates flexibility in the learning process and